Which of the following procedures requires informed consent?

Informed consent is a fundamental concept in healthcare that involves providing a patient with the necessary information about a procedure, including its risks, benefits, and alternatives, allowing them to make an informed decision about their care. Invasive surgeries are procedures that penetrate the skin or introduce an instrument into the body, potentially causing significant physical harm or requiring anesthesia. Because of the complexity and the associated risks of invasive surgeries, obtaining informed consent is crucial to ensure that the patient understands what the procedure entails and agrees to proceed.

In comparison, procedures like blood draws, urine collections, and skin tests typically do not involve the same level of risk or complexity. While it's still important to explain these procedures and obtain verbal consent, they do not generally require the comprehensive informed consent process that invasive surgeries do. Thus, the need for informed consent is particularly critical in situations where patients might face significant risks of harm or have complex alternative options, which is the case with invasive surgical procedures.